Glucose fluctuations increase the incidence of atrial fibrillation in diabetic rats
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias. For decades, risk of cardiovascular complications in DM has been believed to correlate with elevated glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting glucose levels.1,2 However, several large-scale clinical trials have recently proposed adverse effects caused by intensive glycaemic control. The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial revealed that intensive glycaemic control targeting a level of glycated haemoglobin <6.0% increased all-cause mortality more than standard therapy targeting 7.0–7.9%, and the study was terminated prematurely.3 The Normoglycemia in Intensive Care Evaluation and Survival Using Glucose Algorithm Regulation (NICE-SUGAR) study also demonstrated that intensive glycaemic control caused high mortality in patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit.4 These results have raised concerns that hypoglycaemic episode could aggravate patient prognosis. Furthermore, a basic research showed that recurrent hypoglycaemic episodes increased mitochondrial free radical release and exacerbated cerebral ischaemic damage.5 In addition, intermittent high glucose exposure exacerbated oxidative stress and apoptosis in endothelial cells.6 On the basis of these observations, we hypothesized that glucose fluctuations may directly affect cardiomyocytes by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and predispose to cardiac complications.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common but critical arrhythmia because of the high risk of cerebral thrombosis associated with it. Hypertension, heart failure, hyperthyroidism, and DM are the known major risk factors for AF.7,8 Structural remodelling due to increased cardiac fibrosis by DM was associated with greater atrial arrhythmogenicity in rats.9 Increased fibrosis in myocardium also has been reported in human diabetic hearts.10,11 Because ROS facilitate apoptosis and cardiac fibrosis, glucose fluctuations may aggravate AF in accordance with ROS increase.12,13 In the present study, we investigated whether glucose fluctuations induced by repeated starvation increase the incidence of AF by facilitating atrial fibrosis more than persistent hyperglycaemia. We also explored the mechanisms involved in the observed effects.
Methods
All experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Physiological Society of Oita University, Japan, for the care and use of laboratory animals, which follow the guidelines established by the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Haemodynamic parameters and echocardiography
Systolic blood pressure and heart rate were measured using the tail-cuff method. Transthoracic echocardiography (Hitachi Aloka Medical, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) was then performed at the end of the sequential pattern of glucose fluctuations under anaesthesia by an intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of ketamine (60 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) which was confirmed not to decrease the blood pressure. Measurements included left atrial dimension (LAD), left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic dimension, LV end-systolic dimension, LV fractional shortening (FS), LV ejection fraction (LVEF), and LV end-diastolic posterior wall thickness (LVPWth). We also measured peak early (E) and late (A) transmitral flow velocities. The deceleration time of the mitral E-wave (DcT) was measured from its peak to the time when the descent of the wave intercepted the baseline.
Source: https://academic.oup.com/cardiovascres/article/104/1/5/317328/Glucose-fluctuations-increase-the-incidence-of
Tuesday, May 5, 2026
How Toradol Helps With Headaches
Dealing with headaches can take a real toll on daily life, affecting sleep, work performance, and overall well-being. While many people try to manage symptoms with lifestyle adjustments alone, medication often plays a central role in achieving meaningful relief, particularly when symptoms are moderate to severe or recurring. Pain management has evolved toward a multimodal approach that combines different types of analgesics with physical therapies, psychological interventions, and lifestyle modifications. Using multiple medications with different mechanisms of action can provide better pain control at lower doses of each individual drug, reducing the risk of side effects. For chronic conditions, understanding the distinction between nociceptive pain driven by tissue damage and neuropathic pain caused by nerve injury helps guide more effective treatment selection. Healthcare professionals frequently discuss Toradol as a potential treatment for patients presenting with headaches. The data supporting toradol for headaches provides a useful resource for patients who want a thorough understanding of how this medication has been studied and what clinical experience suggests about its effectiveness. One of the practical considerations with Toradol is timing. Some patients find that taking the medication at a consistent time each day helps maintain stable effects. Food interactions, if any, should be noted since they can affect how well the active ingredient ketorolac is absorbed. Patients are encouraged to review the full prescribing information or consult a pharmacist for personalized guidance. Treatment of headaches does not always follow a one-size-fits-all approach. The https://mednewwsstoday.com/pain-relief/ section on pain relief medications covers the range of treatments that might complement or serve as alternatives to Toradol, helping patients and providers find the combination most suited to individual needs.
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